Saptanga Theory (Sapta Prakriti)
Saptanga siddhant explains
the elements
of the state. It is an example of the organic view of the
state. It explains state as a system of seven elements / limbs or seven
elements of sovereignty. Vijigishu has to take into
account the status of its own elements as well as the elements of other kings
in mandal.
Hence before starting war, king has to take the stock of 84 elements of
sovereignty. Saptangas can be considered as ‘determinants of
state’s power’.
1] King
King
is center. All other elements depend upon King. According to Kautilya, if King
is smart and other elements of sovereignty are weak, he can convert these
elements into the elements of strength. On the other hand, if king is not
smart, lacks courage but other elements of sovereignty are strong, then also
these elements will not be able to play the role of determinant of power. This
shows the importance of leadership. Kautilya’s views on kingship have a huge
continuity with Manu’s views on kingship. However Kautilya is not
specific about the varna of the king, he suggests person from any varna to be
eligible for the king.
Though king plays the most important role in the system, yet king needs to
understand that single wheel cannot turn the chariot of the state. It means
king cannot rule alone, king needs the help of other elements, hence king should
give adequate importance to the other elements. Thus he takes the organic view
that the state is not just the sum of parts, state is an interdependence though
the king retains primacy. He warns against arrogance. Arrogant king will
destroy himself.
2] Amatyas
Amatyas
are the senior ministers, preferably bramhins. Required for consultation.
Should be well versed in Vedas, Shastras. Out of all amatyas, the most
important role is of ambassador. King should be particular about choosing the
ambassador. Ambassador is the representative of the king to the outside world.
Thus next to king in importance. Ambassador should be well versed, man of
integrity, should be dedicated towards the king. Ambassador should be handsome.
He suggests, king should have at least three amatyas because two can easily
conspire against the king. King should keep on testing the integrity of the
amatyas because they can be potential challenge. He gives detailed measures to
check the integrity. e.g. he gives suggestion to send spies to amatyas with the
message that queen is in love with amatya, if amatya will come to palace, queen
will help amatya in killing the king and then amatya can become the king.
3] Forts / Durg
Mauryans
were known for fortifications. Forts are the symbols of the offensive and
defensive powers of the state. Kautilya advices to construct different types of
forts that include hill forts, water forts, desert forts.
Janapath
represent the heart of the state. It is a place where common man/ citizens
lives. It is a place for economic activities. It is the duty of the king to
take care of the needs of janapath. King should treat his citizens as his
children. In the words of Kautilya, “In the happiness of the subjects, lies the
happiness of the king.”
At the same time, Kautilya advices king to keep track of the public opinion
by using spies to prevent rebellion.
5] Kosh / Treasury
Kosh
of the state should be enough not just for meeting day-to-day expenditures but
to meet any sort of calamity, whether it is war, or natural disasters.
6] Bala (Force)
Kautilya
prefers the army of Kshatriyas. However if need arises, other varnas can also
be included. King should have sufficient army and should always keep the morale
of the army high.
7] Mitra (Allies)
Mitras
have symbolic importance. When a person has lot of mitras, it shows that the
person is powerful. Hence it is a symbol of power to be the friend of strong.
Source : Arthashastra
by Kautilya-Politic